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Looking Inside Cells - Notes Outline      posted 11-06-2007
You were assigned Section 2 to read and take notes on for homework.

Below is an outline you may copy and use. Anywhere there is no information written in you must write 2 notes from that section.

Looking inside the Cell – Outline NOTES


I.Enter the cell

A.Cell Wall
i. Only found in plant cells
ii. Made mainly of cellulose

B.Cell Membrane
i.
ii.

II.Sail on to the Nucleus

A.Nuclear envelope
i.
ii.

B.Chromatin
i.
ii.

C. Nucleolus
i.
ii.


III. Organelles in the Cytoplasm

A. Mitochondria
i.
ii.

B.Endoplasmic Reticulum
i.
ii.

C. Ribosomes
i.
ii.

D.Golgi bodies
i.
ii.

E.Chloroplasts
i.
ii.

F. Vacuole
i.
ii.

G. Lysosomes
i.
ii.


IV. Specialized Cells

A.
B.

IV. Bacterial Cells

A.
B.



Cell Biology - Scientists to Know      posted 10-22-2007
Scientists

ROBERT HOOKE
- English scientist
- Used a compound microscope to study cork @1633
- Named structures he saw 'cells' after the rooms of priests in
the monastery

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
- Dutch merchant & amateur scientist
- Looked at various living cells with his simple microscope
- Discovered 'animalcules' in pond water (were bacteria)

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
- German botanist
- Discovered that all plant parts are made of cells

THEODOR SCHWANN
- German zoologist
- Discovered all animals/animal parts are made of cells





Needs of Living Things      posted 10-05-2007
* Living things interact with one another as well as their environment

* Living things depend on both the living and non-living parts of their environment

In order for a living organism to survive, it needs:

- Energy
- Food
- Water
- Oxygen
- Living Space
- Proper Temperature






Characteristics of Living Things      posted 09-13-2007
LIVING THINGS ARE ........

- Living things are made of cells
- Living things can move
- Living things perform complex chemical activities
- Living things grow and develop
- Living things respond to their environment
- Living things reproduce





What's with all the numbers??      posted 09-01-2007
In this first section on Physics many students are getting confused by the different numbers and formulas. The best way is to understand what the problem is giving and asking for.

Ex.

How long? Answer should be time
How far? Answer should be distance
How fast? Answer should be speed

Acceleration and momentum problems will ask for these by name


What do the numbers mean? How do I label them?
LOOK AT THE MAIN PROBLEM TO KNOW WHAT UNITS ARE USED!!

Examples:

Distance km, m, cm, mm 1 unit
Time hr, sec, min 1 unit
Speed km/hr, m/sec 2 units
Acceleration km/hr/hr, m/sec/sec 3 units
Momentum kg-m/sec 3 units


REMEMBER - USE THE METRIC SYSTEM



Scientific Method - the basics      posted 09-01-2007
We will being using the scientific method several times throughout the year, and you will see it in science classes in years to come!

Using the scientific method to design and run an experiment should include:

Title - NAME your experiment
Problem(Question)
Background/research on the topic
Hypothesis(Predicted answer to the ?)
Experiment Design
- Identify controls, constants, variables
- List Materials
- List Procedure (what are the steps to the experiment)
Observations/basic data
Results (graphs/tables)
Conclusion
Limitations (anything that went wrong &/or could be fixed)
Application (how is the experiment relevant to real life)
Bibliography (resources used)






Names to know in Astronomy      posted 03-11-2007
These people can be found in section 2-2.

You should be able to tell me what each person theorized/thought about the motion of the planets.

Ptolemy
Copernicus
J. Kepler
I. Newton

The solar system-planets      posted 03-07-2007
Our solar system

Consists of the sun, 9 planets and several other objects.

In order from the sun out, the planets are...

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars

Asteroid Belt

Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune


Pluto
10th planet has been named, it is Eris

- Pluto and Eris are 'dwarf planets.

- There are some times that Neptune and Pluto cross paths
and Pluto is temporarily closer to the sun






Types of telescopes      posted 02-02-2007
Type of telescope Collects& Focuses Facts.


Radio Radio Waves Most have large, curved
reflecting surfaces and
focus onto an antennae


Ultraviolet Ultraviolet light These 3 types are
usually used in space;
these invisible rays are
X-ray X-rays blocked on earth by our
atmosphere


Reflecting Visible light The largest visible
light scopes

Refracting Visible light The larger the objective
lens, the more light it
can collect, making it
easier to see faint &
distant objects





Tools used to study the stars      posted 02-02-2007
Types of tools used to study the stars

· Computers – record and store information

· Spectroscope – instrument that analyzes the light given off
by stars.

Can help determine chemical composition & temperatures of stars.
Breaks down into the separate wavelengths of light spectrum.
Color order ROY.G.BIV (think of a rainbow)

· Telescopes - instrument used to view objects far away.

There are several types, each for a specific sort of light.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes both visible & invisible waves



* Hubble Space Telescope – Combination telescopes on a satellite.
Has a large reflecting scope, also detects UV & infrared radiation.
“Eye in the Sky”

* Observatories – building that contains 1 or more telescopes.
Most large observatories are built on mountains-tops.
Why?? Less light pollution





The Milky Way      posted 02-01-2007
The Milky Way Galaxy

·This is the galaxy our sun & earth are in

·It’s a spiral galaxy with 2 major arms

·It's about 100,000 light years in diameter & 15,000 light years thick

· At the speed of light, it would take 100,000 years to travel
across the Milky Way

· It takes our sun and planets about 200 million years to rotate once around the center of the galaxy.





What the universe is made of...      posted 01-28-2007
The universe is made up of

· Star systems
Single systems (Ex. Sun)
Binary systems (Ex. Algol)
Multiple star systems (Ex. Alpha Centauri)

· Constellations

· Novas

· Star Clusters
Open clusters – no definite shape
Globular clusters – spherical or round

· Nebulae

· Galaxies – major features of the universe
Spiral – pinwheel shape
Elliptical –round/oval
Irregular – no definite shape






Chapter One Genetics      posted 01-07-2007
Genetics Chapter One – WHAT IS GENETICS?

Key Concepts

1-1 History of Genetics

·Gregor Mendel, the 19th century Austrian monk/teacher, is known as the ‘Father of Genetics’ made famous by his pea plant experiments.
·Genetics is the study of heredity, or the passing on of traits from an organism to its offspring.
·For each trait, every organism has a pair of factors, or units of heredity, called genes.
·The stronger of 2 genes for a trait is called the dominant; the weaker is called the recessive.
- Dominant traits are represented by a capital letter
- Recessive traits are represented by a lowercase letter.


1-2 Principles of Genetics

· A purebred organism has genes that are alike for a particular trait
(TT or tt)
·A hybrid has genes that are different for a trait (Tt)
-In hybrid genes the dominant traits ‘mask’ the recessive
·According to the law of segregation, one gene from each gene pair goes to each sex cell.
·The law of independent assortment states that each gene pair is inherited independently of the gene pairs for all other traits.
·In some gene pairs, the genes show incomplete dominance, that is, neither hides the other. (ex. palomino, 4 o’clock flower)
-In this case, symbols for both traits are capital letters (BW)


1-3 Genetics and Probability

·Probability can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses
·Probability is the chance, or likelihood, than an event will happen
- Examples: 50% chance of being male/female
·In probability, the results of one event do not affect the results of the next event. (Ex. always a 1/6 chance of rolling a 6 on dice)
·Punnett squares show the possible gene combinations resulting from a cross between 2 organisms.
·A phenotype describes a visible characteristic (tall), whereas a genotype is the actual gene makeup (TT)



Genetics Chp 2 - Part Two      posted 12-20-2006
Study Guide of Key Concepts in Chapter 2 of Genetics

Sections 2-3 and 2-4 (pg. 44-51)

2-3 The DNA molecule

- DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid
- DNA stores and passes on genetic information from one generation to
the next.
- The shape of DNA resembles a twisted ladder or spiral staircase
- The 4 nitrogen bases are adenine, quanine, cytosine, and thymine.
- In DNA these bases always combine in a specific way.
A is paired with T
C is paired with G
- Replication is the process by which DNA molecules make exact
copies, or duplicates, of themselves.


2-4 How Chromosomes Produce Proteins

- The process by which proteins are produced is called protein
synthesis
- Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids
- There are 20 different amino acids. It is the DNA’s job to control
the order in which these acids are put together to make different
proteins.
- RNA stands for ribonucleic acid.
- RNA is needed in order for proteins synthesis to take place.
- Instead of thymine, RNA contains the nitrogen base uracil.



Remember to look at the pictures and the information written that goes with them as well. They often give many simple examples or simplify what the section is talking about in a few short lines!!





Scientists to know for Chapter 2 Genetics      posted 12-18-2006
Scientists to know from Chapter 2 Genetics.

From the reading & class work/notes assigned, students should be able to identify and explain what role each person had in chromosome/DNA discoveries. (Going in order with the Chapter)


Walther Fleming
Walter Sutton
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Hugo Devries
James Watson
Francis Crick
Maurice Wilkins
Rosalind Franklin





Genetics Chapter 2 -Part One      posted 12-17-2006
Study Guide of Key Concepts in Chapter 2 of Genetics

Sections 2-1 and 2-2 (pg. 34-42)

2-1 The Chromosome Theory

- Chromosomes are rod-shaped structures in the nucleus of an
organism’s cells
- The chromosome theory states that chromosomes carry genes, which
determine hereditary traits.
- The main function of chromosomes is to control the production of
proteins.
- Meiosis is the process by which sex cells receive ½ the normal
number of chromosomes as the parent.
- The X and Y-chromosomes are sex chromosomes.
They are named for their shapes.
- In humans, females have XX chromosomes and males have XY



2-2 Mutations

- A mutation is a sudden change in an organism caused by a change in
a gene or chromosome.
- A mutation that takes place in a sex cell may be passed to
offspring.
- Mutations may be helpful or harmful
- Albino animals lack color pigments in their skin or hair/fur.
- Mutagens are factors in the environment that cause mutations.





Genetics Chapter One      posted 11-06-2006
For some basic notes on Chapter One use the Study guide on page 29




Chapter 5 - Energy      posted 11-01-2006
The 5 forms of energy are ...

Mechanical
Chemical
Heat
Nuclear
Electromagnetic


The 2 states of energy are...

Kinetic
Potential

Key Concepts for Chapter 2      posted 10-16-2006
2-1 What is force?

* A force is a push or pull. A force may give energy to an object, setting the object in motion, stopping it, or changing direction.
* Forces in the same direction combine by addition.
* Forces in opposite directions combine by subtraction.
* Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion.
* When forces are balanced, there is no change in motion. Balanced forces are opposite in direction and equal in size.


2-2 Friction: A force opposing motion

* Friction is a force that opposes motion
* The 3 kinds of friction are sliding, rolling and fluid


2-3 Newton's Laws of Motion

* Inertia is the tendency of matter to resist a change in motion.
* Newton's 1st Law of Motion - An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion at constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
* Newton's 2nd Law of Motion - Describes how force, acceleration, and mass are related. Force = mass x acceleration.
* Newton's 3rd Law of Motion - Forces always occur in pairs.
Every action has an opposite and equal reaction.


2-4 Gravity

* The accleration due to gravity at the surface of earth
is 9.8 m/sec/sec.
* Gravity is a force of attraction that exists between all objects
of the universe
* The size of the force of gravity depends on the masses of the
2 objects and the distance between them.
* Weight and mass are different quantities. Weight is a measure
of the pull of gravity on a given mass. Mass is a measure of the
amount of matter in an object. Mass is constant; weight can change.

Roller Coaster Physics - resource information      posted 10-16-2006
For your project you may use your science books or any of the internet sites provided(plus ones you find) to help gather notes and information on how roller coasters work!

Use Chapter 1, 2 & 5 in your science book

OR

Go to the internet section on this website for other resources!




Formulas and Math to know for Chapter One      posted 09-27-2006
Here is the list of the basic formulas you need to know for Chapter One. This is a good list to have in your notes (hint, hint)


Distance = Speed x Time

Speed = Distance/Time

Time = Distance/Speed


Combining velocities

If you combine velocities going in the same direction - ADD

If you combine velocities going in different directions - SUBTRACT


The formula for Acceleration is ....

Final Velocity - Original Velocity
---------------------------------
Time



The formula for Momentum is ...

Mass x Velocity







Acceleration & Momentum      posted 09-21-2006
The second 1/2 of Chapter One deals with acceleration and momentum.

READ both sections, don't just skim them to answer the questions.

Vocab to know

Acceleration
Deceleration
Momentum
Mass
Velocity


Formulas to know

Acceleration = (Final velocity - original velocity)/time

Momentum = mass * velocity



Motion formulas -REVIEW      posted 09-08-2006
Calculating Speed


Speed = Distance/Time

Distance = Speed x Time

Time = Distance/Speed


Velocity is speed in a given direction

If 2+ velocities are going in same direction, add to get final
If they are opposing directions, find the difference for final #

MAKE SURE FINAL ANSWER IS LABELLED CORRECTLY!!




Spacecraft Names to know      posted 04-25-2006
Names of Spacecraft to know for this unit


Sputnik
Explorer
Apollo
Space Shuttle
Challenger
Mir
International Space Station
SkyLab
IRAS
Hubble Space Telescope




Human Genetics      posted 11-21-2005
The study guide on page 75 has a life of the main concepts for this Chapter. You may use this as a notes/study page for the quiz.

The first true cells      posted 09-06-2005
The first true cells....

* Evolved & inhabited the earth as far back as 3.5 billion years ago

* Basic characteristics of the first cells

- Did not require oxygen (was littl/none in their atmosphere)
- They were consumers
- First cells had plenty of food
- They were unicellular (single celled)



How cells formed      posted 09-06-2005
According to scientific theories.....

- Life on earth began when the first cells formed

There are different theories on how the first cells formed

1) Cells formed in shallow pools when organic chemicals formed droplets. The droplets had a barrier to keep chemicals inside & rest of the organic 'soup' outside. These droplets eventually became the first true cells.

2) Cells formed in beds of clay on early earth. Chemicals needed for life were trapped in the clay, and formed together to make the first living cells.




Frog dissection      posted 05-11-2004
Frog dissection
Check out these website for basic directions and information.

http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm

http://members.tripod.com/~NachFamily/Joe/frog3.html




The Nervous System      posted 05-03-2004
How the brain works
The Nervous System

* The nervous system receives and sends out information about activities within the body and monitors and responds to changes in the environment.

* The basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system is the neuron, which is made up of the cell body, dendrites, an axon, and axon terminals.

* A nerve impulse sends messages in the form of electrical and chemical signals. The gap between neurons is called a synapse.



Divisions of the Nervous System

* The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is divided into 3 parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and the medulla.

* The cerebrum is divided into 2 halves, left and right, that control different types of mental activity.

* The cerebrum is the area where learning, intelligence and thinking occurs. It also control all the voluntary activities of your body, and your senses.

* The cerebellum controls balance, posture and coordination.

* The medulla connects the brain the spinal cord. It controls involuntary activities such as heartbeat, digestion & breathing.

* The peripheral nervous system consists of all the nerves that connect to the central nervous system.

* The autonomic nervous system consists of 2 sets of nerves that have opposite effects on the organs they control.

The Senses      posted 04-15-2004
Some main highlights on the 5 senses.

5 Human Senses:
Touch
Taste
Vision
Hearing
Smell

* Light entering the eye passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor to the retina. The optic nerve carries the impulses to the brain.

* Sounds enters the ear as vibrations and strikes the eardrum, causing the 3 small bones(hammer, anvil, and stirrup) inside the ear to vibrate. These vibrations finally reach the cochlea. The auditory nerve carries the impulses to the brain.

* Smell and taste are chemical senses.

* The 4 basic tastes are bitter, salty, sweet & sour.

* The skin contains receptors for touch, pressure, pain, heat and
cold.




Digestive System      posted 02-24-2004
Inner body -Digestive System Organs
This website shows a picuture of the digestive system organs and if you click on the picture, will provide information on each part.

Skeletal System      posted 02-08-2004
You will be givin notes in class - DO NOT LOSE THEM!!!

15-1 Notes      posted 02-05-2004
Levels of Organization (each level builds up to the next)

- Cells
- Tissues
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism



The 4 types of tissue that make up a human body are:

- Muscle tissue
- Nerve tissue
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue

Genetic Engineering (24-2)      posted 01-11-2004
So what is genetic engineering?
* Through genetic engineering, genes are transferred from one organism to another organism.

* One form of genetic engineering involves the use of recombinant DNA, which contains pieces of DNA from 2 different organisms

* Bacteria & yeast cells are commonly used in genetic engineering to produce human proteins because they reproduce very quickly.

* To make recombinant DNA, scientists remove a plasmid(ring of DNA) from a bacterium and insert of piece of human DNA.

* As a result of genetic engineering, human proteins can be made outside the human body. Example: insulin, HGH

* Products of genetic engineering are used in medicine and in agriculture. Example: medicine - to produce hormones and vaccines.
Agriculure - to make plants resistant to disease and freezing.

* Frankstein fish or Franken fish is a term often used when talking about fish that have been genetically modified. (see pg. 625)




Plant and Animal Breeding (24-1)      posted 01-11-2004
Selective breeding in farm animals
* Plant and animal breeders use selective breeding to produce
offspring with desirable characteristics
Examples: cows that produce more milk, seedless fruits

* Hybridization is a form of selective breeding in which
2 genetically different species are crossed.
Examples: Crossing a horse and donkey to make a mule

* Hybrids are bred to have the best traits of both parents

* Hybrids that are stronger or healthier than either parent are
said to have hybrid vigor. (Vigor = strength or health)

* One disadvantage of hybrids is that they are usually sterile.
(Unable to reproduce offspring of their own)

* Inbreeding is a form of selective breeding that involves crossing
organisms with similar genes.
Examples: Racehorses, Dogs, cheetahs

* Inbred plants or animals have genes that are very similar to
their parent's genes. One purpose of inbreeding is to keep
various breed of animals pure.

* As a result of inbreeding, an offsprings chances of inheriting new genetic combinations is greatly reduced. This can make an entire inbred species susceptible to disease, which could lead to extinction



Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells      posted 11-12-2003
Know the basic difference between a typical plant and animal cell!!


PLANT CELL
- has a cell wall (made of cellulose)
- green plants contains chloroplasts
- Large vacuoles


ANIMAL CELL
- no cell wall
- no chloroplasts
- small vacuoles
- have centrioles to help in cell division



Cell Theory      posted 11-03-2003
[1 message posted to this edHelperblog]
CELL THEORY

The cell theory states that ...

* All living things are made of cells
* Cells are the basic units of structure & function in living things
* Living things come only from other living things



04-03-2004  -  stunt1033@aol.com wrote:

remember me i was in your class Miss. Cline i just whated to say hello to everybody its so hot down here i'm have a's on my report card tell everbody i said whazz up.



04-11-2004  -  Miss Cline adds:

Hello Ismael,

Nice to hear from you, how was the move? Settled in yet?
Glad you are doing well in school there.
Good Luck with the rest of this year

~Miss Cline